Scapular kinematics and muscle activity are fundamental aspects of shoulder function and rehabilitation. The scapula serves not only as a base for multiple muscular attachments but also as a dynamic ...

1 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 2 Division of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Department of Health Sciences, Artesis University College ...

For fitness-minded folks, muscle testing can sound pretty intriguing. But it turns out that it has little to do with fitness...or even muscles. On a basic level, muscle testing looks at a muscle and ...

Learn about protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward rotation, etc., along with all of the muscles responsible for these joint actions. The scapula has its own set of joint actions: The ...

3 Department of Allied Health Professions, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK 4 Department of Allied Health Professions and Midwifery, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK 5 Central ...

The scapula has its own set of joint actions: The shoulder girdle has a set of joint actions specific to motion of the scapula. Although this may seem like just another set of confusing terms to ...