If you got your start in electronics sometime after 1980 your first project might well have been to light up an LED. Microcontroller projects often light up an LED, too, and a blinking LED is ...

The op amp-based current sensing circuit described here is not new, it has been around for some time, but with very little discussion of the circuit itself. Somewhere along the line it was informally ...

A bi-directional current source for a grounded load will always have some complication in its construction. The improved Howland Current Pump as shown in Figure 1 is the most frequent choice for this ...

Demand for voltage-controlled current sources (VCCSs) and multipliers in a wide spectrum of electronics and communication devices always seems to exist. The multipliers employed in circuits like the ...

Before the LT3092, the simplest current source was merely a voltage source with a resistor in series feeding the load resistance. Assuming the load resistance is much smaller than the series resistor, ...

This article describes the composite current source (CCS) noise modelfor cell-level noise analysis. CCSisa modeling capability in the open-source Liberty cell modeling standardthat encompasses timing, ...

At first glance, [RobBest]’s constant current source looks old school. The box is somewhat old-fashioned, featuring switches and binding posts. Most importantly, there’s a large analog meter ...

Note: The requirements outlined in this article are based on the 2011 edition of the NEC. Article 690, which consists of nine parts, provides electrical requirements for photovoltaic (PV) systems.