Determining the least expensive path for a new subway line underneath a metropolis like New York City is a colossal planning challenge—involving thousands of potential routes through hundreds of city ...

Table 1 Key Algorithms and Their Approaches and Limitations. Full size table Although the methods mentioned above are effective for solving multi-agent path planning problems, they mainly rely on ...

Aiming at the problems that the Sparrow Search algorithm (SSA) is prone to fall into local extreme points in the early stage and has low optimization accuracy in the later stage, an adaptive step-size ...