Anxiety or severe stress often causes very fast and deep breathing. Rapid breathing is caused by many other factors as well.

Hyperventilation is common in EMS. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is not. That imbalance creates risk. Experience teaches us to ...

This is the solution to a case we presented recently. You may review the case here. The patient had complained of dyspnea, and an abnormal electrolyte panel revealed a decreased bicarbonate level of ...