Evaluating tribological properties such as friction coefficients, friction forces, and torques for arbitrary material pairs, with high precision is crucial for multiple areas of research and industry.

Torque is an important factor in much of the equipment on a factory floor. Measuring torque is often something that's misunderstood, which can lead to over- under-designing of measurement systems.

Several schemes are available to calculate torque in motion control, quality control, and test applications. Most are based on indirect measurements and are of limited value. Torque sensors, by ...