These open-source MMM tools solve different measurement problems, from budget optimization to forecasting and preprocessing.

Background Annually, 4% of the global population undergoes non-cardiac surgery, with 30% of those patients having at least ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Thomas J Catalano is a CFP and Registered ...

Pupil dilation provides a physiological readout of information gain during the brain's internal process of belief updating in the context of associative learning.

Mary Hall is a editor for Investopedia's Advisor Insights, in addition to being the editor of several books and doctoral papers. Mary received her bachelor's in English from Kent State University with ...