Different atoms and ions possess characteristic energy levels. Like a fingerprint, they are unique for each species. Among ...

The seamless integration of optical systems into medical devices presents both unique challenges and significant opportunities.

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the understanding and application of the properties of matter. Materials scientists study the connections between the underlying ...

Chemistry is a branch of science that involves the study of the composition, structure and properties of matter. Often known as the central science, it is a creative discipline chiefly concerned with ...

Abstract: Neutral beam injection (NBI) is a key auxiliary heating technology used in magnetic confinement fusion devices. With the scale up of the device, the requirement of beam energy is higher. A ...