This study provides a useful application of computational modelling to examine how people with chronic pain learn under uncertainty, contributing to efforts to link pain with motivational processes.

Machine learning is reshaping the way portfolios are built, monitored, and adjusted. Investors are no longer limited to ...

Information distribution entropy is equivalent to the confidence level in the model. The entropy decreases with learning. This is consistent with the growth process of neurons. Realization of the ...

James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Erika Rasure is globally-recognized as a leading consumer economics subject matter expert, researcher, and ...