Abstract: In contemporary industries, machine languages have become essential for producing various products and services. Ladder Logic is a prominent programming language commonly utilized in ...

Abstract: The main challenge in mobile robotics is navigation, especially in autonomous navigation, where environmental uncertainty plays a crucial role in the robot’s ability to locate and move ...

Abstract: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) play an essential role in industrial automation by managing complex safety-critical processes. Ensuring the safety and correctness of PLC programs is ...