Abstract: This paper presents a simulation-based benchmarking analysis of three reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms—Soft Actor-Critic (SAC), Deep Q-Network (DQN), and Proximal Policy Optimization ...

Abstract: During emergency response in high-speed railway operations, dispatchers and drivers currently rely on individual experience for decision making, lacking effective coordination between train ...

Black holes are among the most extreme objects in the universe, and now scientists can model them more accurately than ever before. By combining Einstein’s gravity with realistic behavior of light and ...