50 Years ago we suggested that cell death was ‘programmed’ or written into the developmental pattern of cells. Since that time we have come to understand the phenomenon of apoptosis, to understand its ...
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) when coupled with its ligands programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), functions as a ‘braking system’ within the immune system.
Inducing programmed cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis, is a widely used therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. Unfortunately, many cancer cells become resistant to PCDs, and continue ...
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