A bi-directional current source for a grounded load will always have some complication in its construction. The improved Howland Current Pump as shown in Figure 1 is the most frequent choice for this ...
A classic analog application is the full-wave precision rectifier (absolute value) function. Many variations exist on this theme, each with its own supposed (often rather minor and sometimes downright ...
Open-loop current sensors have a definite price advantage over closed-loop counterparts. While you can use them in drive applications where torque accuracy isn't demanding — such as pump and fan ...
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